Utilisation of raw oil shale as fine aggregate to replace natural sand in concrete: Microstructure, surface chemistry and macro properties

Abstract

Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This study set out to examine the unconventional use of raw oil shale (OS) as fine aggregate in concrete instead of its traditional utilisation as a pollutant energy source aiming to hinder the depletion of natural resources. Oil shale particles have been used to replace sand in concrete with 30 wt.-% and 50 wt.-% ratios. Part of the used OS particles was treated with silane prior to their addition in concrete. The fresh, mechanical, and durability properties, along with the micro-properties and surface chemistry of mixtures, were analysed by running the slump, compressive strength, permeability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests, respectively. Five concrete mixtures consisting of 30 samples with the size of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were prepared to serve the testing programme of the study. The results revealed the formation of a well-bonded interfacial transition zone between untreated OS particles and the cementitious matrix due to the presence of pozzolanic materials in OS. However, micro cracks and enlarged capillary pores were witnessed in treated OS mixtures along with a weak interfacial transition zone between the treated OS and the cementitious matrix. Moreover, the use of 30 wt.-% untreated OS reduced the water absorption of concrete by 9% (absorption rate of 9.5%), while other mixtures experienced an increase in their water absorption with a maximum increase of 42% when using 50 wt.-% treated OS (absorption rate of 10.7%). All mixtures attained a reduction in their compressive strength compared to control sample when employing treated and untreated OS in concrete, with a minimum reduction of 13% when using 30 wt.-% untreated OS (compressive strength of 26 MPa). The strength reduction in untreated OS mixtures is due to the formation of free CaO and free SiO2, which promote concrete expansion. The interference between silane and kerogen in OS was the main reason behind the strength reduction in treated OS mixtures. However, this reduction in mixtures’ strength is considered minimal, allowing for their potential use in different construction applications like rigid pavement.