Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/26242
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dc.contributor.authorShafique, M-
dc.contributor.authorAkbar, A-
dc.contributor.authorRafiq, M-
dc.contributor.authorAzam, A-
dc.contributor.authorLuo, X-
dc.date.accessioned2023-04-02T17:06:45Z-
dc.date.available2023-04-02T17:06:45Z-
dc.date.issued2022-11-12-
dc.identifierORCID iD: Muhammad Shafique https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-6980-
dc.identifier.citationShafique, M. et al. (2023) 'Global material flow analysis of end-of-life of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries from battery electric vehicles', Waste Management and Research, 41 (2), pp. 376 - 388. doi: 10.1177/0734242X221127175en_US
dc.identifier.issn0734-242X-
dc.identifier.urihttps://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/26242-
dc.description.abstractCopyright © The Author(s) 2022. The global market for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is continuously increasing which results in higher material demand for the production of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, the end of life (EOL) of batteries must be handled properly through reusing or recycling to minimize the supply chain issues in future LIBs. This study analyses the global distribution of EOL lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide batteries from BEVs. The Stanford estimation model is used, assuming that the lifespan of NMC batteries follows a Weibull distribution. The global sales data of NMC batteries from 2009 to 2018 were collected and the sales data from 2019 to 2030 were estimated based on historical trends and BEV development plans in the top 10 countries for BEV sales. The result shows a view of EOL NMC batteries worldwide. In 2038, China, South Korea and the United States (US) will be the three leading countries in the recovery of NMC battery materials. An overall global flow of NMC battery materials (aluminium, copper, manganese, steel, lithium and graphite/carbon) was also predicted in this research. This study estimated the waste potential of NMC battery materials specifically in the top 10 countries and also in other countries. Finally, the economic value estimation results for recovered materials indicated that copper, aluminium and manganese will have cumulative economic values of 7.9, 4.4 and 3.9 billion US dollars in 2038, respectively. As this study considers the different specific energy of NMC batteries in the coming years due to technological advancement, the findings can provide a more realistic insight into the future demand for NMC battery materials. This study reveals that a high number of EOL NMC batteries will be accumulated in 2038 in several countries. Therefore, large-scale recycling infrastructures should be set up to improve the efficiency of the recovery of battery materials.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.en_US
dc.format.extent376 - 388-
dc.format.mediumPrint-Electronic-
dc.languageEnglish-
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherSAGE Publicationsen_US
dc.rightsCopyright © The Author(s) 2022. Rights and permissions: Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC 4.0). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).-
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/-
dc.subjectlithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideen_US
dc.subjectend-of-lifeen_US
dc.subjectmaterial flow analysisen_US
dc.subjectglobal distributionen_US
dc.titleGlobal material flow analysis of end-of-life of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries from battery electric vehiclesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221127175-
dc.relation.isPartOfWaste Management and Research-
pubs.issue2-
pubs.publication-statusPublished-
pubs.volume41-
dc.identifier.eissn1096-3669-
dc.rights.holderThe Author(s)-
Appears in Collections:Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research Papers

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