Artificial compressibility approaches in flux reconstruction for incompressible viscous flow simulations

Abstract

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Artificial compressibility methods intend to offer divergence-free free velocity fields at the incompressible limit for compressible solvers. Three major approaches for this are compared within a high-order flux reconstruction framework: the established method (ACM) of Chorin (1967) and a new entropically damped method (EDAC) of Clausen (2013) which can keep velocity divergence sufficiently low to be run explicitly without the non-linear solver required by ACM. Furthermore, the ACM approach with hyperbolised diffusion is investigated. The accuracy and computational efficiency of these methods is investigated for a series of turbulent test cases over a range of Reynolds numbers. It is found for EDAC that velocity divergence scales linearly with the square root of compressibility, whereas for ACM a clear relation is not observed. EDAC is found to accurately resolve the low Reynolds number Taylor–Green vortex case; however, for the circular cylinder at Reynolds number 3900, earlier transition of the free shear-layer is observed due to an over-production of the turbulence kinetic energy. This over production of turbulent kinetic energy is attributed to the increased spatial pressure gradients of the EDAC method, and similar behaviour is observed for an aerofoil at Reynolds number 60 000 with an attached transitional boundary layer. These issues were not observed for the other ACM approaches. It is concluded that hyperbolic diffusion of ACM can be beneficial in terms of convergence but at the cost of case setup time, and EDAC can be a time efficient method for unsteady incompressible flows. However, care must be taken when reducing the stiffness of EDAC as the resulting pressure fluctuations can have a significant impact on transition.