The role of psychological and cognitive factors in the psychological and physical recovery from acute stroke: A longitudinal study.

Abstract

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of disability and mortality in the U.K., therefore research investigating stroke has been highlighted by the National Stroke Strategy to develop studies which are longitudinal and focus on outcome. A comprehensive systematic review (Study One) was undertaken to investigate the role of psychological factors on stroke recovery. This informed the development of the research study (Study Two). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of psychological and cognitive factors on psychological and physical recovery from acute stroke, in a longitudinal study as directed by the National Stroke Strategy. The current study additionally incorporates cognitive neuropsychological elements along with measures of mood, personality and coping. This is the first study to the authors’ knowledge which has investigated repressive coping and Type D personality with stroke. Method: Longitudinal data collection was conducted in two NHS hospitals, with a clinical sample at Time 1 (0-6 weeks post stroke), followed up at Time 2 (3 months post stroke) and Time 3 (6 months post stroke), in the participants’ homes or in nursing homes. Measures used to test independent variables were: Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS), Standard Assessment of Negative Affectivity, Social Inhibition, and Type D Personality (DS 14, Type D personality), Marlowe-Crowne Form B & 6 Item STAI (for repressive coping), 3 item Sense of Coherence (SoC) scale, line bi-section & Bells cancellation task (visual neglect), forward digit span (verbal short term memory), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (visual short term memory) and the colour word Stroop test (executive function), along with demographic data, stroke markers and health behaviours. Dependent variables were: Quality of life (measured by the SF-36) and physical recovery (modified Rankin Scale). Results: The main analysis used hierarchical multiple regression analyses and mediation analysis to test a series of hypotheses. Physical recovery outcome was predicted by stroke severity, age, stress, repressive coping, social support and visual neglect at different time points. Depression and visual memory were reported as mediators at Time 2. Quality of life outcome was predicted by stroke severity, age, stress, social support, depression and visual neglect at different time points. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that psychological factors do have an impact on both physical and psychological outcome from stroke. Stress, repressive coping and visual neglect were the most consistent predictors of outcome. Depression and social support played a smaller role, whereas Type D personality was nonsignificant across analyses.