BURA Collection:http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2552024-03-29T09:39:21Z2024-03-29T09:39:21ZThe United States’ psychological strategy board and operations coordinating board: national assessments and the Middle East, 1951 - 1958Joel, Michael C.http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/259532023-02-19T10:56:12Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: The United States’ psychological strategy board and operations coordinating board: national assessments and the Middle East, 1951 - 1958
Authors: Joel, Michael C.
Abstract: This study examines the American intelligence community (IC) and the national security planning and coordination elements tasked with developing strategy and policy for the Middle East from the end of the Second World War to the invasion of Lebanon in 1958. While the history of American-Middle East foreign policy has been covered in the literature extensively, what has yet to receive the proper attention has been the role of special ‘planning and coordination elements’ established within the American intelligence and national security architecture after the Second World War. This study focuses on two of these elements: specifically, the Psychological Strategy Board (1951-1953) and the Operations Coordinating Board (1953-1961). This study asks the questions: can newly declassified archival material now available on the Psychological Strategy Board and the Operations Coordinating Board be used to provide greater context and new insights into America’s Cold War policy in the Middle East from (1951 – 1958)? What were these two coordination boards and what were the strategy and policy impacts that they had on American foreign policy to the Middle East? In the process, this study provides a comprehensive history of these two under-studied (and significant) boards adding substantially to our understanding of the American national security and intelligence history.
Description: This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University2021-01-01T00:00:00ZThe intelligence-led national security architecture of Ghana and its three pre-conditions. An overlooked asset but key to the country’s long-term domestic stabilityEshun, Joe Sarbahhttp://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/258982023-03-11T12:06:18Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: The intelligence-led national security architecture of Ghana and its three pre-conditions. An overlooked asset but key to the country’s long-term domestic stability
Authors: Eshun, Joe Sarbah
Abstract: In chronological order, this dissertation takes the reader through the story of Ghana, covering many decades of its historical and political journey to date. Whilst doing so, it also explains how such a journey helped define the evolution of the country’s intelligence-led national security architecture from the pre-colonial era to what it is today. Besides going through the decades, it also zooms in analytically on the relevance of the architecture under respective governments throughout the country’s history. The historical analysis indicated that throughout Ghana’s history, whenever a new administration assumes office and immediately puts in place an intelligence-led national security architecture to help attain and maintain domestic stability, is when the country is most stable. However, whenever there is absence of intelligence-led national security architecture, the country’s political and security landscape becomes unstable. Such trend has been consistent since independence to date, and not only that when one pushes further back into pre-independence as part of Ghana’s backstory, the trend is still applicable. This analysis helped establish that there is a relationship between the country’s domestic stability and its intelligence-led national security architecture, which embodies three pre-conditions: (1) Establish National Security Institutions, (2) Embark on Intelligence Activities, and (3) Implement Interagency Intelligence Coordination. Additionally, the age of the country’s democracy, the political and security landscape of the sub-region where Ghana is situated, and Ghana’s security sector governance, and oversight responsibilities; have all been evaluated to help argue the relationship between the role of the intelligence-led national security architecture and current domestic stability. Hence underscoring the relevance of the pivotal role being played by Ghana’s intelligence-led national security architecture in the fight to maintain stability in the country.
Description: This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London2022-01-01T00:00:00ZReduced analytic uncertainty through increased analytic rigour: effects of using structured analytic techniques in estimative intelligenceBorg, Lars C.http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/247212022-11-22T19:39:09Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Reduced analytic uncertainty through increased analytic rigour: effects of using structured analytic techniques in estimative intelligence
Authors: Borg, Lars C.
Abstract: The post-9/11 intelligence reform’s endorsement of Structured Analytic Techniques (SATs) as a remedy to intelligence failures has been increasingly criticized, with a main argument being that SATs do not eliminate bias or increase judgement accuracy. However, previous research on SATs has predominately only focused on one technique, Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH), without procedural understanding of its use in the intelligence process. This research sets forth a comprehensive SATs-model for improving the estimative process in intelligence and investigates analysts’ experienced effects of using this SATs-methodology in the intelligence process. The main finding is that analysts experience that using SATs in a comprehensive, layered, and iterative manner in the estimative intelligence process increases analytic rigour and their ability to assess uncertainty. Using a set of interconnected SATs in a creative, critical, and sensemaking logic-process increases analyst’s analytic objectivity and integrity and thereby making them more confident in their key judgments and aware of the attached uncertainties. The effects furthermore remained years after having received SATs training. However, agency culture plays a vital role, both for the use of SATs and for the use of community standards for communication of uncertainty. Hence, leadership endorsement is important for SATs to be used by more than the dedicated few who have SATs as part of their analytical DNA.
Description: This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University London2022-01-01T00:00:00ZPreferences for financing political parties in a new democracy: A case study of political parties in IndonesiaPutra, Rhevy Adriadehttp://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/246162022-11-19T14:18:53Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Preferences for financing political parties in a new democracy: A case study of political parties in Indonesia
Authors: Putra, Rhevy Adriade
Abstract: This study examines political parties' attitudes toward funding options. The condition
of lack of funding is argued to indirectly impact the political parties’ preferences
toward the state as their source of funding. To do so, this study utilises the rationalinstitutionalism
approach and compares two main motives of political parties in
political financing, namely revenue maximisation and economic electoral motives.
Building upon these two funding motivations, scarcity is then understood as a
starting point that affects actors' behaviour by affecting the incentives available to
them.
This thesis suggests two distinct types of funding incentives: economic incentives,
such as the financial health of political parties' treasuries, and political incentives,
such as political competition among parties and the leverage of public sentiment on
political parties' behaviour.
These theoretical claims will be demonstrated by an examination of Indonesia's
1999–2019 party funding reform. Based on Indonesia's experience with party finance
reform, it is also argued that the private sector has played a prominent role in
political financing in Indonesia since the process of political liberalisation began in
1998, both as an external and internal donor. Additionally, based on the discussion
on political finance reform following the 2014 election, it appears that political parties'
preferences for funding reform are better aligned with the electoral economy than
with the revenue maximisation.
Description: This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London2022-01-01T00:00:00Z